Gender in Muckrakers & Reformers. The Ladies Step Up. Women played an integral role in the Progressive movement. Look for the songs you would like to sing. Between Thanksgiving and New Year's we bring the largest selection of holiday songs you will find anywhere! To see our list of Spanish songs, click HERE. ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SONGS BY.
Rap Industry is a complete resource for hip hop, news and music, including all the latest in the rap industry. She came from a troubled background: her mother was mentally. Longstanding social traditions held that women were uniquely predisposed to maintain the moral center for their families. They were supposed to be purer, less vulnerable to temptation than men; especially since men were supposed to go to work in the vice- infested public sphere, while wives remained cloistered within the moral bastion of the home. Since women were also deemed responsible for raising children, they assumed the role of teachers and guardians of Christian virtues and values. Though these same religious teachings implied that women should be obedient wives and subservient individuals, ironically, they also provided a socially acceptable venue in which females could assume an active role in public life. That is, women could transgress traditional gender roles in the name of safeguarding other, more sacred traditions like Christian piety and social morality. In the long term, Progressive women were successful on several counts, but in their success lay unimagined troubles and complications. Temperance. Popular movements to combat . Though several states passed prohibition laws in the antebellum period, by the late 1. When the Prohibition Party was organized and ran its first national campaign in 1. James Black drew about 0. Though the United States was a deeply religious—and overwhelmingly Christian—nation, its voting males had grown up in a culture of strict party loyalty. It was very rare for a person to bolt his party affiliation to join up with an independent movement, especially for the sake of a tiny party with a single- issue platform. Many men hoped that their own parties would eventually adopt prohibition as part of their platform, and others deemed temperance a . Many others simply did not find their religious views and their taste for drink to be mutually exclusive. In 1. 88. 4, the Prohibition Party—which still exists today—did nonetheless attract just enough votes in New York state to take the presidential election from Republican James G. Blaine and hand it to Democrat Grover Cleveland by the thinnest of margins. At its peak, which occured in the 1. Prohibition Party polled about 2% of the popular vote. Meanwhile, female temperance activists were organizing an even more powerful association. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was organized in 1. Prohibitionist Party but also assuming responsibility for a range of other projects. It soon became the largest women's organization in the country, advocating a string of reforms in addition to temperance—from prison reform and public health to world peace. In 1. 87. 6, former educator Frances Willard assumed leadership of the WCTU. Under Willard, the organization became a key supporter of the female suffrage movement. Consequently, the liquor lobby became one of the principal opponents to women's suffrage, as it justly feared that women might use the franchise to vote to prohibit the sale of alcohol. The issues of temperance and suffrage were thus intertwined throughout the Progressive Era, although not all suffragettes were for temperance, and vice versa. Both prohibtionists and suffragettes had to wait until after World War I to realize their goals on a nationwide scale. In the meantime, frustration took hold for some temperance activists. Nation secured a place for herself in the history books when she ahandoned the WCTU's peaceful approach in favor of violent direct action. Nation, who was briefly married to an alcoholic in the 1. A frustrated Nation argued that . Her husband is torn from her; she is robbed of her sons, her home, her food, and her virtue.. Truly does the saloon make a woman bare of all things! Arming herself with rocks, brickbats, axes, and a fervent religious devotion, Nation led her followers on a succession of saloon attacks between 1. She was arrested 3. While incarcerated in Topeka in July 1. Nation turned down these offers but ultimately acquiesced in allowing Lyceum manager James E. Furlong to represent her so that she could raise some money through lecturing. In some places, she was received respectfully, but in others—like New York's famous pleasure beach, Coney Island—she was treated . Suffragette radicals were less religiously zealous than their teetotaler counterparts, even if they did pursue similarly confrontational and immediatist tactics. In 1. 86. 9, the more progressive, New York- based National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) split from the more conservative American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), based in Boston. Even after the two organizations reunited for the sake of the cause in 1. In 1. 89. 5, movement cofounder Elizabeth Cady Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which promoted a more liberal view of the Bible that offered an alternative to the traditional explanations of how God and His apostles defined a . Stanton had resigned as NAWSA president in 1. NAWSA stopped inviting her to sit on the stage at its conventions. Most suffragettes did not want to appear threatening or radical, since they were trying to persuade a hesitant male electorate that female enfranchisement would not revolutionize American society or the women who lived in it. Yet Stanton's radical legacy in the suffrage movement influenced many women within the next generation of activists. In 1. 91. 3, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organized the Congressional Union, later known as the National Woman's Party. They were inspired by Stanton and the tactics of the radical, militant Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in England. Woman's Party members emulated WSPU tactics by picketing the White House, getting arrested, participating in hunger strikes, and practicing other modes of civil disobedience to bring attention to the suffrage cause. In 1. 91. 3, some 5,0. Washington, D. C. The new NAWSA President Carrie Chapman Catt fiercely opposed such tactics, as she supported President Wilson and did not want to alienate moderate voters and politicians. Internal debates over the basic strategy of the suffrage movement persisted until World War I, when the activists took advantage of the global crisis to successfully pressure the government into acting on their behalf. Not all women supported enfranchisement for their sex. In 1. 91. 1, a group of primarily wealthy women and Catholic clergymen organized the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS). Arthur Dodge led the organization, which received support from Southern congressmen, urban political machines, and businessmen. These groups opposed female suffrage for a variety of reasons, ranging from the ideological conservatism of the Southern congressmen to the businessmen's pragmatic fears that female voters might support costly regulatory legislation. Mixed Results. Like so many aspects of Progressive reform, the suffrage and temperance movements experienced plenty of both success and failure. By 1. 89. 8, only five states had passed legislation to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol. But with the coming of World War I, a series of factors coalesced to give the longstanding temperance campaign the boost it needed to secure a constitutional amendment banning booze. Large groups of religious women, black and white, had effectively organized in (segregated) branches of the WCTU to campaign for prohibition. The more extreme temperance advocates like Carry Nation had also managed to arouse considerable attention, if not always goodwill. Many of these women and their husbands were also social reformers who came to view alcohol as one of the principal vices plaguing the nation's inner cities, where political bosses could buy votes with drink and where fathers might spend their paychecks in the saloon instead of on groceries for the family. Additionally, employers came to believe that they might enjoy a more dependable and efficient workforce without the influence of alcohol. Given all these influences, an increasing number of states passed dry laws during the first fifteen years of the twentieth century, especially in the more conservative and fervently religious regions of the South and Midwest. But prohibitionists, like the suffragettes, saw national legislation as the surest means of effectively securing and enforcing their goals. The war provided them with an effective argument, since many beer brewers were of German descent, and the country was consumed with virulent anti- German sentiment amidst the heightened patriotism of wartime. The government also argued that raw materials such as the grain used in liquor manufacture were now needed for wartime food production. As a result, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment and the states ratified it in 1. Of course, the Prohibition period that commenced in 1. Workers were already stretched to their limits and did not prove much more productive while sober—if anything, they replaced saloon drinks with even more potent and possibly dangerous homemade bathtub gin. Progressives had gone into the 1. Christian, civilized nation, but life under Prohibition left them bitterly disappointed. Perhaps the most formidable obstacle to women's suffrage was neither NAOWS nor the liquor lobby, but simply the difficult historical context of the moment. Aside from the fierce debate between Catt and Paul over tactics and the frequet ideological differences that arose among suffragettes, the battle for voting rights revealed one of the most important problems of the Progressive Era: the United States was riven by deep inequities of race and class. Mary Church Terrell, the president of the National Association of Colored Women, made this point clear when she addressed NAWSA's fiftieth- anniversary convention in 1. Terrell remarked that . But side by side with these facts and figures of crime I would have presented and pictured the miserable hovels from which these youthful criminals come.
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